Composition and inverses

A function takes one number and spits out another. You can then take this output and use it as the input to another function, to get yet another number. This is composition of functions.

Definition

If f and g are functions, then their composite is also a function, denoted f ∘ g, which I usually read as ‘f after g’. It may be defined as follows: Notice that you do g first and f afterwards. The two composites f ∘ g and g ∘ f are not usually the same.

Sometimes it helps to use different variables for the different functions. That is:

Domains of composites

If f and g are both defined for every real number, then so is f ∘ g. But in general, the domain of f ∘ g is only part of the domain of g. We have: If you simplify the expression for f ∘ g, then this will only help with the second condition; be sure to go back and check the domain of g!

Inverse functions

Two functions f and g are inverse functions of each other if: Not every function has an inverse function! If f does have an inverse function, then it only has one; we call f one-to-one and denote its unique inverse function by f−1.

Warning: f−1 does not mean 1/f!

There are two ways to caclulate f−1:

If you don't get a single solution when you solve the equation, then f is not one-to-one, and it has no inverse.

We have:

Graphs of inverse functions

The graphs of inverse functions are related by switching x and y. In particular: A function is one-to-one if and only if its graph satisfies the Horizontal Line Test.
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