I use units in which hbar = 1, so xp - px = i. * = * = =

= = = = - i, so the imaginary part of is 1/2, meaning ||^2 >= 1/4. It is a general rule in Hilbert spaces that || <= ||phi|| ||psi||. Thus: 1/4 <= ||^2 = ||^2 = ||^2 <= ||x psi||^2 ||p psi||^2 =

= = . Now, here's the trick. By "x" and "p", I do *not* mean the position and momentum operators! If X and P are the position and momentum operators, then x := X - , and p := P -

. Note that [x,p] = i, just like [X,P]; note that x and p are Hermitian, just like X and P; in fact, everything I did with x and p was perfectly valid. So that last inequality, >= 1/4, is just what we want. BTW, if psi is Gaussian, = 1/4, so this is the strongest inequality possible.